Mafia and Illegal immigration to Italy

After Aslam's story got published with our project on migration from Pakistan to Italy, several people wondered about the links between mafia and illegal immigration to Italy and Europe.

Many immigrants reach Italy by paying a fortune to agents involved in lucrative businness of sending people abroad with fraudolent documentation.

Last February, after a two years long investigation, a criminal organization was arrested in Calabria -Southern Italy - for illegal immigration. Thanks to the investigating operation, named “Lion”, 67 people were arrested for aiding and abetting illegal immigration from India and Pakistan to Europe.

"Lion" operation shows how illegal immigration to Italy and Europe is more and more supported and managed by mafia and criminal organizations.

As confirmed by the Police Department, the criminal organization was helping immigrants to reach their relatives living in different places in Italy and to find a job there. They used fictious work agreements, necessary to get the visa and the residence permit. The agreements were provided by obliging entrepreneurs and contractors getting paid for that.

But how do criminal organizations operate? There are usually agents in Pakistan and in Italy. From their own countries, migrants contact the Pakistani living in Italy involved in it. After paying an advance, they have their documents forwarded to the contractors, who provide them with the permit to work in their own firms. The work is only a pretext, an excuse to get the residence permit. The consequence is that hundreds of illegal immigrants reach Italy without having a real job there and they often they ran into debt in their own country, in order to pay the required amount: 10.000 to 18.000 Euro, including documentation, flight and accommodation in Italy.

There is another consequence: the permits belonging to immigrants not interested in living in Italy any more are sold to new immigrants, thus supporting illegal immigration.

This is not happening only with immigrants from Pakistan, but also from other countries, especially from Asian countries, India and North Africa.

About ten days ago "Unsung Ambassadors" - the project I wrote with Amer Farooq and Waqar Gillani after ICFJ workshop in Alexandria, Egypt - got published in Italy, in Italian language. After its publication online by one of the leading newspapers called "l'Unità", it was picked up by several blogs and media outlets.

I received many feedbacks and comments on it, especially from immigrants, coming not only from Pakistan, and living in different regions in Italy. They appreciated the fact that media covered their condition without depicting them as criminal or religiuos fanatics. They appreciated the chance to speak by their own voice.

I had many feedbacks from Italian people too: from people working with immigrants for integration and mutual understanding, but also from people who could see immigration from a different point of view. They asked me to write more stories about these topics and that's what I'm trying to do.

I realized that many immigrants like talking about their own experience in Italy and share their perceptions and opinions about Italians and life in Italy. They also have stereotypes and prejudices towards Italians.

Unfortunately, the piece was picked up also by some blogs and websites promoting racism and hatred towards immigrants. This made me work even harder to go beyond prejudices and help shifting people's perspective, making diversity an asset and not a barrier. I believe that as journalists we have powerful tools - words - and a big responsibility, too.

Unsung "Ambassadors"

Distance, and not the ‘difference’, barricades the integration of cultures. Amidst the prejudices and stereotypes between Pakistani immigrants and host Italians, some ‘connectors’ are hopeful that increased interaction and frequent mixing can help create a multi-ethnic, co-existent and progressive society.

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By Elisa Di Benedetto (Italy), Amer Farooq (Pakistan)

Terrorism, Burqa and War – Pakistan in Italy

“Terrorism, burqa and war”. This is Pakistan in the eyes of Italians Iqbal meets every day in Milan, where he lives with some friends, and immigrants like him, mostly from Pakistan. After arriving in Italy in 2002 following short stays in Germany, France and the Netherlands, Iqbal has chosen to remain, although his family lives in Pakistan. “I feel at home here. I love this country, especially the south in summers.”

Iqbal, 34, spends free time with friends from Pakistan; the contact with Italians is limited to sporadic occasions. “When I travel by train or by bus, women hold their bags tightly,” he says in a tone between resignation and amusement, recalling the questions that he is more frequently asked. “Sometimes people do not know much of Pakistan and confuse it with other countries. They even mistake it for Afghanistan.” So close on the map, especially in the popular imagination. “They ask me about war in Pakistan and I wonder what war they are talking about. They want to know about drugs production!”. Iqbal says he tries to talk about his country and explain the situation there, but sometimes feels “that even if people are saying “yes”, they don’t really understand what I’m trying to say”.

The story of Iqbal is not exclusive. Its a story of many – Ali, Ahmad, Naveed, Aslam and over 80 thousand immigrants of Pakistani origin in Italy. 70 percent of them live in Lombardia – North West of Italy – especially in Brescia, which has become “Brescia-stan” – reflective of an immigration that has been transforming over the years, becoming an integral part of the local community.

“While in the eighties Italy was a transit point for immigrants bound for Northern Europe, the restrictions introduced by England and Germany have encouraged the transformation of the immigration phenomenon that has a sedentary characteristic now,” says Ejaz Ahmad, Pakistani journalist and cultural mediator in Italy since 1989.

Emphasizing that immigration is something more than a temporary trend, Ejaz hints at the purchase of home ownership.
“Around 10 thousand Pakistanis have purchased homes, often through a loan,” continues Ejaz, who knows well this reality. “It is a signal of intention to stay.” Explaining further the significant features of Pakistanis’ immigration, Ejaz says “It’s usually the man who leaves his country, and his family joins him after a few years.” In Italy, immigrant Pakistanis are in industry as workers, and usually after 5-6 years they try to get self-employed by starting a business, especially in the food and telephony, fruits and vegetables shops, call centers and Internet points. “For them, the possibility of a business represents a quantum leap, a raise in the social position”.

Wine, Women, Money – Italy in Pakistan.

“When my son insisted on going to Italy, I thought I would never be able to see him again”, says Khan, 62, who lives some 100 kilometers south of capital city Islamabad, in the rural town of Chakwal, and runs a small grocery store.

Aslam, Khan’s 36-years old son, went to Italy 15 years ago by an agent who demanded a fortune for sending him to Italy on fictitious documents. Khan had to succumb to his son’s insistence who was ‘under a spell by the stories narrated to him by his cousin who had gone to Italy while Aslam was still a child’.

“My nephew told my son a lot about Italy and he was so fascinated by these stories that he even threatened me to give his life if I didn’t let him go’, says Khan who is now happy with his son. “I had double trouble in sending my son to Italy. It was really hard for me to meet the agent’s demand and secondly I was afraid that my son would ruin himself with wine and women’, adds Khan.

When asked how did he know that his son would be lost in wine and women in Italy, Khan said, “I asked people coming to my store if they had any idea about Italy and most of them told me that women in Italy use to lure Asian guys into love trap and alcohol uses to be their tool for this”.

To a query about the ‘Italian experience’ of those who warned him against sending his son to Italy, Khan guessed almost none of them had ever been to Italy.

Answering about the truthfulness of his fears, Khan said he doesn’t think they were well-founded, if it were like that my son would not have been able to support and visit us regularly. “I am financially more liberated now, my son sends a handsome amount every month and we have got a beautiful house with his money.”

Khan says his son was married to a cousin back home and he is happy with wife and two children. His son, who once migrated to Italy on fake documents is a legal resident now and plans to help his young nephews migrate to Italy through legal means. Aslam’s father is no more worried about the idea of his grandchildren planning to move to Italy, neither do their fathers.

Aslam’s brothers who run the family business, the grocery store, are more comfortable while planning about sending their children to Italy than their father when he was to send his son.

“My son would join his uncle and I am not worried that he would be indulged in ‘immoral’ activities”, says Akhtar, elder brother of Aslam. He, however, has different fears. A concern today is the news on the atmosphere created against immigrant Pakistanis.

“There is lot of news in media about difficult situation for Muslims in Europe and America and this worries me at times.”

However, he quickly adds, ‘that situation in Pakistan is equally bad as the security agencies are picking up people on slightest doubts, and even on their appearance if they have grown up beards that make them look like Taliban” . Akhtar hopes that situation would improve if the people are allowed to interact with the people of cultures different than theirs.

“The problem is not with the people, it is with the politicians’, says Akhtar who has only higher secondary level formal education but is an avid consumer of newspapers and news and talk shows on television.

Beyond prejudice

If in Pakistan, Pakistanis meet Italy and Italian culture through the media and the stories of people who migrated to Italy, even in Italy the media have a role in building public opinion and perceptions of immigrants, unfortunately feeding stereotypes and prejudices. But there are also examples of coexistence between two cultures so different, though often overlooked.

Behind the memory of Hina, who was killed in 2006 by her father, uncle and brother for being “too Western” in her lifestyle, there is a more hidden Pakistan, which comes through the spicy flavours of fast food, through craft shops and call centers. Here, the ‘borders’ become more tenuous and the Pakistani and Italian cultures meet.

“Customers ask me questions about my country and my family and women love my wife’s clothes,” says Asad Abbas, owner of six “Pak Fast Food” in the Veneto region. Abbas lives in Belluno, where he arrived four years ago to establish business after seven years in Prato as a labourer. Although he arrived in Italy following the footsteps of his uncle and cousin just for a ‘future’, he loves Italy and Italians who form the majority of this friends. Unlike Iqbal who seldom gets a chance to mix with Italians, Asad has hardly anything averse to share about the community he has become an integral part. For him, integration was easier because there isn’t a Pakistani community in Belluno.

The Connectors

Cross-cultural dialogue and mutual understanding are enhanced by the institutions, associations and individuals working to help Italians know Pakistan and Pakistanis understand and know the country that hosts them; something that can help them integrate without abandoning their identity.

Ejaz Ahmad is one of them. He arrived in Italy to escape the tyrant military regime under General Zia in eighties with a degree in mass communications from the University of Lahore and experience in practical journalism. Now Ejaz lives in Rome with his Italian wife and two sons. “I work every day to promote integration, understanding and the development of a multiethnic society,” he explains, describing his activities in schools to ensure that diversity may be perceived as a common heritage. “It is something in compliance with the Constitution of Italy”, says Ejaz who works to illustrate the phenomenon of new immigration and promote knowledge about the culture, traditions, history and politics of Pakistan.

Understanding the importance of cutural integration and eradication of stereotypes about the two cultures, Ejaz founded a monthly magazine in Urdu, Azad – meaning “Free”. Published in 5000 copies every month with the help of Western Union, Azad reaches Pakistani community in Italy, with reports from Pakistan, useful information for immigrants in Italy, information on immigration and the reality of Pakistan in Italy.

“It’s not easy to promote and spread our culture because Pakistani embassy here lacks a specific program for this and because immigrants live in communities with little contact with the Italian culture and society.” As confirmed by Ejaz, who is a member of the Islamic Council of the Italian Ministry of Interior, the relationship between Islam and the Italian institutions is very important. “It is not the difference, it is the ‘distance’ that causes problems.”

Though the story of Hina is still alive in public opinion, many are unaware that in 2009 the Italian national Under-15 cricket team won the European Championship, second division. An unexpected result, not only because the cricket is not among the most popular sports in Italy, but mainly because to give fame to Italy was a team that had only one player of Italian descent. Ten of the eleven players who took to the field were in fact young second-generation immigrants, children of immigrants from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. An example of how two cultures can come together and live together, the victory also had political implications, as in September current President of the Chamber of Deputies Gianfranco Fini, who has served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Berlusconi’s government of 2001 to 2006, recalled the event to support the right of citizenship for those born in Italy, even with immigrant parents.

As said Akhtar, dialogue and integration are possible if there is a chance to meet and interact, if the differences are not perceived as a barrier, but an asset. Immigrants can be, though inconspicuous, ambassadors of their culture in Italy, and vice versa without abandoning their identity – and interestingly without “doing in Rome as the Romans do” .

With contribution of Waqar Gillani (Pakistan)

Discovering the unexplored

Discovering the chances offered by the tools of digital age was like opening a window on a new world. Well, I should say on this world, but from another point of view: other people's point of view. And while I'm looking into this world, this world can look at me through the same window. I think this is amazing!
The idea that there's always someone out there listening to, reading or replying to what I have to say is stimulating. What scares me in social networks is the fact that while interacting with so many people from all over the world, you are completely isolated and often detached from anything around you.

Let's talk facebook to facebook!
Before attending ICFJ course, I regularly used Facebook mainly as a tool to chat with friends and to get in touch with old friends and people I met in the past.  I used to consider it as a virtual place where I could meet people and chat with them. A place where people change into someone else, sometimes...



Twittering...so challenging!
Six month ago, on a particularly "digital-enthusiastic-day", I also created a profile on Twitter. I've never used it till it was required by one of the assignments. That was a new challenge: expressing my thoughts in 140 characters!
I'm not sure I'll become addicted...I find the idea of having my life governed by social media quite scaring!



But now, after five inspiring weeks, I feel comfortable in using social media and tools such as linking, RSS, blogs and multimedia.
What I missed before was the ability to use them in the proper way. ICFJ course tutors and participants helped me in this sense, by sharing insights, discussing and debating. Sharing experiences and opinion with colleagues from the Arab countries was extremely interesting and useful.

A new approach to journalism
What was just a tool to communicate, now is a valid journalistic tool.
I don't think digital journalism is a substitute of traditional journalism - not yet and not for me, anyway -  but the available tools are great alternatives and they can support traditional news.
Now I see them as a way to reach a wider audience, also using several media to express ideas in different ways and languages; sources of information

The challenge now is keeping on using these tools and improve them, without underestimate how powerful they are and the possible implications, especially in terms of ethics, credibility and accuracy.

My experience so far is very positive and I will surely use the tools of the digital age in my job. But the most important thing is keeping on sharing experiences and updating each other. I think the value added in this course was the presence of journalists working in different countries and different media.

Dealing with comments.

Comments are probably one of the best example of interconnecting. For news sites both positive and negative comments are a precious tool to monitor the audience's feedback and reactions and to make some self-criticism, thus improving the quality of reporting.

Every medal has its reverse.
The most positive aspect - besides increasing page views - is that comments enable civil discussion and democratic debate. They also represent a challenge for newsrooms.
The other side of the medal is represented by the "dark side" of comments, which are often based on emotional reaction. When commenting on reports, the audience can be offensive and abusive and use foul language, write insults or leave off-topic, unsolicited and unethical comments. Some people write comments just to gain visibility and to satisfy the need of feeling important.

How to limit inappropriate comments?
To avoid discussion degenerated newsroom can use several told and conditions, which are usually included in the news site's "comment policy" - read an example from the Huffington Post.
The devices most frequently used are:

• identifying-registration - an example from the Wall Street Journal;
  
• filtering by specific words;
• flagging or reporting as abuse" by readers;
  
• moderation, through editor's or moderator's screening;
  
• limiting.
  

Some of the advices above can be very controversial. For example, identifying. On the one hand, people speak more honestly and may feel more comfortable when anonymous. In the other hand, this could bring to offensive and not appropriate comments.
Then, the editor should ask himself "do we want a honest comment - whatever it says - or a constructive comment?". 

In my opinion, the request to identify themselves or the use of conditions is not only a way to keep the readers from posting inappropriate comments. It's also a matter of responsibility: readers must be responsible for what they say and be aware of the consequences their opinions can have. They should learn how to interact in a constructive way and be aware that one's freedom ends where someone else's freedom begins.

The total absence of any advice to monitor comments increase the risk to turn into a "chesspol". That's why conditions and policies are important.

THE ART OF MANIPULATING IMAGES

Cutting out and pasting, composing and inserting, eliminating and substituting. That's the "collage art" of transforming images to make them better, to create wonderful landscapes and to make perfect what is not.

There's nothing new in the art of manipulating images, used in basement darkrooms since the beginning of photography. What digital photography and technology changed is the quantity and the circulation of pictures. An increase in the number of available photos often means a loss in quality and requires more selection.

Ethical implications.

If changing a photo to make it more attractive - brightening images, sharpening focus, adding more or less contrast, colour balance, creating dramatic panoramas, emphasizing the subject of a scene, blurring, making faces prettier - can be accepted by the audience, what is unacceptable is to alter an image with the purpose to manipulate the content.

The problem is when the photo is manipulated and its meaning is changed to deceive the reader. Especially when pictures are used to support the story and give it more credibility.
There's always a line journalists and editors should never go beyond. Digital manipulation is only the latest device to trespass this line.
There are other devices, the use of which was already known before digital photography:

• the selection process itself;
  
• the creation of the scene and "fabrication" the photo - that's the case of Robert Capa's famous "The falling soldier";
  
• the choice of a particular angle;
  
• the process of de-contextualising an image;
• introducing elements and symbols in a picture to make it more dramatic - that's the case of "toy photographers" and the doubts on authenticity of some pictures taken during Lebanon war in 2006.
  

An example
Though I'm not good in doctoring images and I don't like editing pictures - in my opinion, even not perfectly fine pictures are important, since they give an idea of the conditions and the situation the photographer is working it - I've tried to manipulate some photos I took in Afghanistan, on the way from Kabul to the Musahy Valley.

The result is a photo showing a gun and dark smoke in the background, aimed at making people believe that a conflict is going on and Western soldiers are involved in it.

 

To obtain this picture, I've combined Photo 1 - used as background image - and Photo 2 - from which I exported the gun.

 
Photo 1


                                         






  Photo 2




Even without doctoring the pictures I could have deceived the audience, by using photo 1. In fact, the smoke - which is real smoke I photographed in that place at that time - is not consequence of explosions. It comes from a kiln used for bricks, as shown in photo 3.                    

This is to show that even the way pictures are combined or put together can be misleading. Words and captions become essential to avoid misleading context a distorting the meaning.